Silja Calac | Contributor | Trade Finance Global https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/author/silja-calac/ Transforming Trade, Treasury & Payments Sun, 02 Mar 2025 13:31:01 +0000 en-GB hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.2 https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cropped-TFG-ico-1-32x32.jpg Silja Calac | Contributor | Trade Finance Global https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/author/silja-calac/ 32 32 PODCAST | Approaches to MLETR adoption in Germany https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/podcast-approaches-to-mletr-adoption-in-germany/ Wed, 22 Jan 2025 15:39:48 +0000 https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/?p=138508 To discuss these potential implications and explore how a second Trump presidency will reshape global trade, finance, and geopolitical dynamics, Trade Finance Global spoke with Rebecca Harding, Economist at Rebecanomics; Robert Besseling, CEO at Pangea Risk; Alyssa DiCaprio, former Chief Economist at R3; and Simon Everett, Trade Policy Expert on the day the results were announced.

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Germany’s outdated system for handling negotiable instruments – crucial documents used in trade finance – has become a significant obstacle. While German businesses push ahead with digitalisation, the legal infrastructure supporting trade documentation remains rooted in the paper age.

“For individually issued receivables, there is still no reliable legal structure in place”, said Melih Esmer, a legal researcher at EBS University who specialises in electronic negotiable instruments. In Germany, the problem runs deeper than simple modernisation, and into the fundamentals of bills of exchange: should Germany update its century-old bill of exchange law or create entirely new legislation for the digital era?

Non-negotiable: the DNI solution

Bills of exchange represent abstract receivables that banks can buy and resell, providing vital liquidity to businesses. But the current paper-based system has become impractical, according to Silja Calac, head of Private Debt Mobilisation for SCF and Doc Trade at Banco Santander and board member of the International Trade and Forfaiting Association (ITFA).

“We can no longer wait for documents to be mailed,” said Calac. “There’s also the risk that these documents might get lost.” The solution lies in digital negotiable instruments (DNIs), which would allow secure electronic transfer of these vital trade documents.

Technical solutions already exist. Several fintech companies have developed viable platforms, including Traxpay and Enigio. The latter has already completed live transactions in the UK market. Yet Germany’s regulatory framework lags behind the technical capabilities. Although the country introduced electronic transport documents in 2013 and updated its capital markets law for dematerialised stocks and bonds, the crucial area of individually issued receivables remains stuck in regulatory limbo.

Esmer identifies two key challenges. First, lawmakers must decide how to structure the legal framework. Options include amending the existing bill of exchange law, replicating its rules in new legislation, or creating an entirely new instrument that serves the same purpose without traditional formalities.

MLETR implementation

The second challenge involves implementing the UN Commission on International Trade Law’s Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR). This requires establishing clear standards for digital originals that all parties can recognise and trust. “It’s about finding communication standards,” Esmer explained. “The law must clearly define concepts like integrity, authenticity, uniqueness, and control.”

Germany could learn from international examples. The UK’s Electronic Trade Documents Act 2023 established specific criteria for electronic document equivalence, maintaining continuity with existing practices. The United States took a more radical approach through its Uniform Commercial Code Article 12, allowing receivables to be linked directly to ledger entries.

Market adoption presents another hurdle, though a manageable one. “Bills of exchange involve fewer parties than bills of lading and are largely controlled by banks”, Calac notes. “If banks are well informed, the adoption of such a solution could progress much faster than with bills of lading.”

The key to successful implementation may lie in maintaining familiarity with existing processes. Calac draws a parallel with digital signatures: “I can see my document, and I see that I can place my signature on it, and then I get a signature that looks like mine. So, I feel comfortable with it.” This principle should guide the development of DNIs. Creating digital instruments that mirror their paper counterparts could accelerate adoption by making the transition more intuitive for users.

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The reform process must also consider the broader international context. Germany needs a system flexible enough to accommodate both traditional documents and emerging digital instruments. “A foundation needs to be created that allows companies and banks to digitise their existing documents and also combine them with new digital instruments”, Calac emphasised.

The pressure to modernise grows as other nations push ahead with digital trade documentation. The UK’s reforms have positioned it to become a hub for digital trade, while Asian financial centres like Singapore have made similar moves.

German lawmakers face a complex task in balancing innovation with legal certainty. They must create a framework that enables digital transformation while maintaining the security and reliability that have made German trade documentation trusted worldwide.

The success of this reform could impact Germany’s future competitiveness in international trade. With technical solutions ready and businesses eager for change, the country’s ability to establish an effective legal framework for digital trade documents has never been more critical.


Ansätze zur Einführung von MLETR in Deutschland

Deutschlands veraltetes System für den Umgang mit handelbaren Instrumenten – entscheidenden Dokumenten im Handelsfinanzwesen – ist zu einem erheblichen Hindernis geworden. Während deutsche Unternehmen in der Digitalisierung voranschreiten, bleibt die rechtliche Infrastruktur zur Unterstützung von Handelsdokumentationen im Papierzeitalter verhaftet.

„Für individuell ausgestellte Forderungen gibt es noch immer keine verlässliche Rechtsstruktur“, erklärt Melih Esmer, ein Rechtswissenschaftler an der EBS Universität, der sich auf elektronische handelbare Instrumente spezialisiert hat. In Deutschland geht das Problem über einfache Modernisierungsfragen hinaus und betrifft die Grundlagen von Wechseln: Soll Deutschland sein jahrhundertealtes Wechselgesetz aktualisieren oder völlig neue Gesetze für das digitale Zeitalter schaffen?

Unverhandelbar: die DNI-Lösung

Wechsel repräsentieren abstrakte Forderungen, die Banken kaufen und weiterverkaufen können, um Unternehmen wichtige Liquidität zu verschaffen. Doch das derzeitige papierbasierte System ist laut Silja Calac, zuständig für Private Debt Mobilisation für SCF und Doc Trade bei Banco Santander und Vorstandsmitglied der International Trade and Forfaiting Association (ITFA), unpraktisch geworden.

„Wir können nicht mehr darauf warten, dass Dokumente per Post verschickt werden“, sagt Calac. „Es besteht auch das Risiko, dass diese Dokumente verloren gehen.“ Die Lösung liegt in digitalen handelbaren Instrumenten (Digital Negotiable Instruments, DNI), die den sicheren elektronischen Transfer dieser wichtigen Handelsdokumente ermöglichen würden.

Technische Lösungen gibt es bereits. Mehrere Fintech-Unternehmen haben praktikable Plattformen entwickelt, darunter Traxpay und Enigio. Letzteres hat bereits Live-Transaktionen auf dem britischen Markt abgeschlossen. Dennoch bleibt der regulatorische Rahmen in Deutschland hinter den technischen Möglichkeiten zurück. Obwohl das Land 2013 elektronische Transportdokumente einführte und sein Kapitalmarktrecht für entmaterialisierte Aktien und Anleihen aktualisierte, bleibt der entscheidende Bereich individuell ausgestellter Forderungen in einem regulatorischen Schwebezustand.

Esmer identifiziert zwei zentrale Herausforderungen. Erstens müssen die Gesetzgeber entscheiden, wie der rechtliche Rahmen gestaltet werden soll. Optionen umfassen die Änderung des bestehenden Wechselgesetzes, die Übernahme seiner Regeln in neue Gesetze oder die Schaffung eines völlig neuen Instruments, das denselben Zweck erfüllt, jedoch ohne traditionelle Formalitäten auskommt.

MLETR-Umsetzung

Die zweite Herausforderung betrifft die Umsetzung des Modellgesetzes der UN-Kommission für internationales Handelsrecht über elektronische übertragbare Aufzeichnungen (Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records, MLETR). Dies erfordert die Festlegung klarer Standards für digitale Originale, die von allen Parteien anerkannt und akzeptiert werden können. „Es geht darum, Kommunikationsstandards zu finden“, erklärte Esmer. „Das Gesetz muss Konzepte wie Integrität, Authentizität, Einzigartigkeit und Kontrolle klar definieren.“

Deutschland könnte von internationalen Beispielen lernen. Das britische „Electronic Trade Documents Act 2023“ hat spezifische Kriterien für die Gleichwertigkeit elektronischer Dokumente eingeführt und dabei die Kontinuität mit bestehenden Praktiken gewahrt. Die USA verfolgten einen radikaleren Ansatz durch Artikel 12 des Uniform Commercial Code, der es ermöglicht, Forderungen direkt mit Buchungseinträgen zu verknüpfen.

Die Markteinführung stellt ein weiteres, jedoch überschaubares Hindernis dar. „Wechsel betreffen weniger Parteien als Konnossemente und werden weitgehend von Banken kontrolliert“, merkt Calac an. „Wenn Banken gut informiert sind, könnte die Einführung einer solchen Lösung viel schneller voranschreiten als bei Konnossementen.“

Der Schlüssel zum Erfolg könnte in der Vertrautheit mit bestehenden Prozessen liegen. Calac zieht eine Parallele zu digitalen Signaturen: „Ich sehe mein Dokument und erkenne, dass ich hier unterschreiben kann. Dann erhalte ich eine Unterschrift, die wie meine aussieht. Dadurch fühle ich mich sicher.“ Dieses Prinzip sollte die Entwicklung von DNIs leiten. Digitale Instrumente, die ihren Papier-Pendants ähneln, könnten die Akzeptanz beschleunigen, indem sie den Übergang für die Nutzer intuitiver gestalten.

Der Reformprozess muss auch den breiteren internationalen Kontext berücksichtigen. Deutschland benötigt ein System, das flexibel genug ist, sowohl traditionelle Dokumente als auch neue digitale Instrumente zu integrieren. „Es muss eine Grundlage geschaffen werden, die es Unternehmen und Banken ermöglicht, ihre bestehenden Dokumente zu digitalisieren und sie auch mit neuen digitalen Instrumenten zu kombinieren“, betonte Calac.

Der Druck zur Modernisierung wächst, da andere Länder mit digitalen Handelsdokumentationen voranschreiten. Die Reformen im Vereinigten Königreich haben es zu einem Zentrum für den digitalen Handel gemacht, während asiatische Finanzzentren wie Singapur ähnliche Schritte unternommen haben.

Die deutschen Gesetzgeber stehen vor der komplexen Aufgabe, Innovation mit rechtlicher Sicherheit in Einklang zu bringen. Sie müssen einen Rahmen schaffen, der die digitale Transformation ermöglicht und gleichzeitig die Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit bewahrt, die deutsche Handelsdokumentationen weltweit vertrauenswürdig gemacht haben.

Der Erfolg dieser Reform könnte die zukünftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Deutschlands im internationalen Handel beeinflussen. Mit verfügbaren technischen Lösungen und unternehmensseitiger Bereitschaft zur Veränderung war die Notwendigkeit, einen effektiven rechtlichen Rahmen für digitale Handelsdokumente zu schaffen, noch nie so groß.

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PODCAST | ITFA: The tale of Article 506 and the transition period https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/podcast-s1-e127-itfa-the-tale-of-article-506-and-the-transition-period/ Thu, 02 Nov 2023 14:01:50 +0000 https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/?p=91260 At the International Trade Forfaiting Association (ITFA) 49th Annual Trade and Forfaiting Conference in Abu Dhabi, TFG’s Deepesh Patel spoke to Silja Calac, Board Member, and head of the ITFA Insurance Committee to learn more about credit risk insurance and its importance for trade, as well as specific aspects of the implementation of the Basel 3.1 Regulation. 

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Estimated reading time: 4 minutes

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At the International Trade Forfaiting Association (ITFA) 49th Annual Trade and Forfaiting Conference in Abu Dhabi, TFG’s Deepesh Patel spoke to Silja Calac, Board Member, and head of the ITFA Insurance Committee to learn more about credit risk insurance and its importance for trade, as well as specific aspects of the implementation of the Basel 3.1 Regulation. 

The importance of credit risk insurance for trade 

Credit risk insurance is a risk mitigation tool used by banks to cover credit risks related to transaction banking. 

This means that the bank substitutes the probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) of the original obligor of a transaction by the PD and the LGD of the insurance. 

In this way, banks can enhance their credit capacity and reduce risk-weighted assets. 

As a result, Calac said, “Credit risk insurance is absolutely crucial for our economic system.” 

A survey conducted by ITFA in collaboration with the International Association of Credit Portfolio Managers (IACPM) in 2021 showed that the 40 banks surveyed used $136 billion of insurance cover, i.e., the total insured amount. 

This facilitated a total transaction amount of $350 billion. A 2023 survey showed that the amount has increased to $400 billion. 

Calac said, “So, insurance contributes $400 billion to the real economy.” This stands as a key demonstration of why credit insurance is so critical for trade. 

ITFA’s response to the implementation of Basel 3.1

The IFTA Insurance Committee was actively lobbying for the implementation of Basel 3.1, particularly regarding the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR). 

About two years ago, the Insurance Committee had noticed that the Basel Regulation foresaw that for insurance, the LGD would be set at 45%. 

Calac said, “Every time you work with an insurance company, never mind for which kind of business, banks will be in the foundation approach. So, they cannot model their own LGDs any longer; they have to take the LGD which is prescribed by the rules, and these rules say it is 45%.” 

The Insurance Committee initially thought that the regulators had overlooked a key point. This stemmed from the understanding that when regulators extend loans to an insurance company, their main objective is to protect especially vulnerable creditors.

These vulnerable creditors are the policyholders who must receive their payouts in the event that the insurance company becomes insolvent.

Working with the EBA to find an efficient solution for insurance for transaction banking 

The Committee had raised this oversight with regulators, which led to a successful dialogue.

After the conversation, Article 506 was formulated in response. 

Calac felt Article 506 was “quite a success story.” After consulting with all major stakeholders in the European Commission and Parliament, the Commission presented a revised draft that now includes Article 506, which is currently under voting. 

Article 506 specifies that within a set timeframe, the European Banking Authority (EBA) is to consult with ITFA and the European Association for Insurers to collaborate on determining a more suitable LGD figure, as an alternative to the current 45%.

Currently, there is not yet provision for a transition period. This concerned ITFA, as the new CRR rules would be implemented in 2025. 

Article 506 states that the EBA shall, within a certain period of time, calculate and identify the correct LGD. However, the new CRR rules would be implemented immediately, still containing the LGD of 45%. 

This current rule, implemented after 2025, would cause significant issues for banks. 

Calac said, “This would have a huge cliff effect because banks would no longer be able to do large amounts of credit risk insurance, which contribute greatly to the real economy.”

This was why ITFA supported the proposal for a transition period until a new, optimal LGD level could be found. 

The key focus for ITFA in collaborating with the EBA to develop an effective insurance solution for transaction banking was pinpointing pertinent statistics.

Default statistics are particularly needed. 

ITFA was also tasked with elaborating on the details of the recovery process. This responsibility fell to the Insurance Committee, which was reaching out to its members to help provide the necessary information to the EBA.

Progress by cooperation: Industry insights are needed to move the needle

Calac urged the industry to participate in the ITFA surveys.

She noted that the only way that ITFA can make a convincing case to the EBA to lower the LGD from 45% is by providing thorough answers and relevant statistics, which need to come from their partners. 

Moving forward, it is clear that there is a critical need to reduce the LGD from 45% to a lower number that the industry agrees on. Without this, the trade finance and credit insurance sector will struggle to fulfil their vital role in the industry.

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